While market has gone nowhere this year a basic option strategy applied to the broad indices has delivered solid returns.
The S&P 500 Index has been stuck in a historically narrow range, stuck within just a 3.9% band, for nearly six months. Within this range there has been many jagged intraday moves in excess of 1% which have whipsawed and frustrated both bulls and bears. Just when it seem the market will break or down it simply moves back to the middle of the range.
Despite all this day-to-day volatility the S&P 500 now stands up a mere 2.6% for the year to date in 2015. It’s been all sound and fury and going nowhere fast.
One group of investors/traders that are benefitting from this environment have been those that sell option premium. And it’s not just those using fancy or complex strategies such as iron condors. In fact the strategy that is delivering some of the best returns is among the simplest, most conservative and among the most popular for your average investor; namely the covered call or buy-write approach.
In fact, if you had employed a basic buy-write strategy to the S&P or the related exchange traded fund the SPDR 500 Trust (SPY) you would have returns of 6.9% thus far this year; that’s over double or a 430 basis point improvement. Not too shabby considering that the buy write strategy actually reduces risk.
Applying the buy-write strategy to an index product also removes the need or risk of identifying the individual winners from losers. Indeed the diversification of a broad index also helps reduce risk.
The Buy-Write Benchmark
The CBOE Buy-Write Index (BXM) tracks a buy-write on the S&P 500 that uses a mechanical approach of selling 30-day at-the-money calls each month. You can read about the methodology of the BXM here on the CBOE website.
Studies have shown that the BXM has outperformed the S&P 500 Index over the past decade with about 35% less volatility. This is how it how it has performed over the past six months.
You can see that even as the S&P 500 has gone nowhere the BXM has enjoyed a clear uptrend.
In this current environment it makes a lot of sense to consider the buy write approach. At the end of this article I’ll suggest a few of the best buy-write ETFs and mutual funds but first I want to dive into exactly how such a portfolio can be built, managed and discuss the pros and cons.
Other Buy-Write Benchmarks have also outperformed the major indices to which they are tied.
Challenges of Replication
But to create a covered position, one would need to trade the futures on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME). This distinction between the cash index and futures and options on futures holds for the NASDAQ 100, and CBOE Dow Jones Index, or DJX.
The distinction between the cash index, its options, and the futures, does present minor obstacles in the form of slightly different contract specifications, and requires a commodity account to trade the futures. While some brokers might offer portfolio margining, others might not be considered a covered position, and therefore may have a higher capital requirement (which greatly reduces your return on investment).
One thing you don’t have to worry about is divergence in performance. Because index options are cash-settled and the futures must converge with the cash price at expiration, there’s no danger of misalignment of prices. Still, this isn’t as clean as trading options that are fungible to an actively traded underlying security. There can be periods where the futures trade at a large premium or discount to the cash market, causing a temporary mismatch in pricing. Note: There also are options on futures contracts, which can make for a more seamless trade because they truly are covered positions.
A much simpler solution would be to use the popular exchange-traded funds, such as the Spyder Trust. Almost all ETFs have options based on the underlying security, and are settled with a delivery of the shares. This means a straightforward covered call (go long 100 shares and sell 1 call contract) can be established in broad market ETFs – such as the NASDAQ 100 Trust (QQQQ) and the Dow Diamonds Trust (DIA) as well as in sector-specific issues, such as Semiconductor HOLDRs (SMH).
Remember that this can be labor-intensive, as it requires not only a considerable amount of time in selecting covered-call candidates, but also requires maintaining and adjusting the positions. That, in turn, can lead to significant cost in the form of trading commissions and tax considerations. It would be a huge undertaking for an individual to replicate the BXM.
Before establishing your own individualized covered-call program, calculate the costs and time involved. Even though the ETFs have a very low cost structure, the commissions of rolling the options 12 times a year actually might be higher than the 1.0%-1.5% annual fees charged by the established covered-call mutual funds or ETFs.
Some other issues to keep in mind if when creating or investing in a buy-write (or even put selling strategy.
- These Are Both Labor- and Commission-Intensive Strategies. The two benchmarks are frictionless in that they do not account for any fees that will be accumulating by rolling positions 12 times a year. Expect a minimum of 1% annual drag on your performance.
- Volatility Levels Are an Essential Part of the Relative Returns. You can see from the table above that the best relative returns have come over the longer-term time horizons. This can be attributed to the “reversion to the mean” element of volatility levels. Obviously the best time to establish premium selling strategies would be when implied volatility is high; but that of course is a relative term. I think 2011 might offer a nice balance of somewhat elevated implied volatility with a market trending moderately higher.
- Margining and Dividends. Depending on your account type, a covered call can be margined differently than a short put. Even though the PUT is based on a fully “cashed covered” positioned, the different margining would result in different return on investment (RIO). Also, it’s important to be aware that a covered call, in which one owns the underlying security — this is true even of an ETF like the Spyder Trust SPY — will collect a dividend. While the expectations of a dividend are supposed to be embedded in the option’s price, in practical terms the assurance of the steady income will often add a few basis points of return.
- Beta Neutralizer. Given that a put sale or a covered call establishes affective buy prices below current levels but locks in affective sale prices, it’s no surprise these strategies come with a beta lower than their benchmark. This means that the draw downs won’t be as great, nor will the profits be as much in a strong bull market.
Easy ETF’s
PowerShares S&P 500 BuyWrite Portfolio ETF (PBP) This fund tracks the CBOE S&P 500 BuyWrite Index, The ETF has a a low 0.55% annual fee and also offers very nice yield of 4.14% that is generated through premium received by writing the call option.
Horizons S&P 500 Covered Call ETF (HSPX)
This ETF seeks to match the performance of the S&P 500 Stock Covered Call Index, which holds a long position in the stocks of the S&P 500 Index while at the same time, short (write) call options on option-eligible stocks in the S&P 500 Index.This fund charges 65 bps in fees per year from investors. Volume is light as it exchanges less than 14,000 shares in hand on average daily basis. The ETF has 2.66% in annual dividends.
Premium selling strategies are a great way to get the wind of time decay at your back. But it’s important to understand your risk and reward and most importantly your expectations. Don’t expect these to provide alpha, rather they are ways to benchmark your portfolio and smooth out returns over time. The BXM or covered calls tend to underperform during strong bull markets as upside potential is reduced.